Revolutions of 1989: the fall of Soviet influence in Europe - Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia
The revival of liberation movements and the decline of influence in Russia's satellite states were stimulated for several reasons. The weakness of a centrally planned economy, the lack of everyday items, and widespread censorship are just some of them. In addition, by his actions, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev encouraged democratization. In August 1975, the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed at the CSCE Congress in Helsinki. As part of this act, the Allies "pledged to respect freedom of speech, the right of assembly, etc. This was a strong argument that opposition representatives in the satellite countries began to use.
The fall of Soviet influence in Hungary
Since 1956, Janusz Kadar has been President of Hungary. This country was called "the richest barracks of the camp." He was influenced by the policy of slow reforms and loans taken from the West. In connection with the movement for democratization, the opposition created the Hungarian Workers' Party in 1989. She rehabilitated Ferens Nagy, who was killed in 1956, organized patriotic demonstrations, etc. Due to the resignation of the Chairman, free parliamentary (March 1990) and presidential (May 1990) elections were held. The democratic opposition was successful, and Arpad Gentz became the first president.
The fall of Soviet influence in the GDR
Under pressure from Gorbachev, the ruling German Democratic Republic, Erich Hunecker, was forced to abandon radical methods (maintaining the Stasi security forces, suppressing riots, etc.) to maintain "harmony." On October 18, 1989, he was forced to resign. Influenced by widespread euphoria caused, among other things, by democratization in neighboring countries and the demolition of the hated Berlin Wall (November 1989), SED activist Hans Modrow became Prime Minister on November 13. With the help of Helmut Kohl's electorate from Germany, he began to promote the slogans of German unification, and in December 1989 he chaired the German Round Table". As a result of the agreements, free elections were ordered in March 1990.
The fall of Soviet influence in Czechoslovakia
Since the 1970s, the democratic opposition Charter 77, headed by Vaclav Havel, has been operating in Czechoslovakia. The Catholic Church has also intensified its activities. In August 1989, during one of the demonstrations, on the anniversary of Jan Palach's suicide, two of its participants were killed. This caused widespread outrage, which escalated to a general strike plan (November 1989), which forced the government to hand over power and hold free elections. These events went down in history as the "Velvet Revolution."". Vaclav Havel became the new president at the end of December 1989. Beaucoup de joueurs craignent les exigences de mise. Avec le code promo 1xbet aujourd'hui valide, les règles sont claires. Pour le sport, le wagering est raisonnable. Pour le casino, les conditions sont adaptées au type de jeu. Vous disposez d’un délai confortable pour utiliser votre bonus. Ce sont des exigences bien plus accessibles que chez certains concurrents qui demandent des mises très élevées. Ainsi, vous pouvez réellement espérer transformer votre bonus en argent retirable sans parcourir un parcours semé d’obstacles.
